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Microcontrollers (MCUs)

Microcontrollers are the heart of countless embedded systems, from simple IoT devices to complex automotive systems.

What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller (MCU) is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. Unlike general-purpose computers that can run multiple applications, microcontrollers are designed for specific control applications.

Key Components

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain of the microcontroller that executes instructions.

Memory

  • **Flash Memory** - Stores the program code
  • **RAM** - Temporary data storage during execution
  • **EEPROM** - Non-volatile data storage

Input/Output (I/O) Peripherals

  • GPIO pins for digital input/output
  • ADC for analog signal conversion
  • Communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C)
  • Timers and PWM generators

Popular MCU Families

Arduino-Compatible

  • **Arduino Uno** (ATmega328P) - Perfect for beginners
  • **Arduino Nano** - Compact form factor
  • **ESP32** - WiFi and Bluetooth enabled

Professional Development

  • **STM32** - ARM Cortex-M based, highly capable
  • **PIC Microcontrollers** - Microchip's versatile family
  • **MSP430** - Ultra-low power applications

Next Steps